Bhlhe40 in Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells Shapes TL1A-dependent Commensal T cell Immunity

A central feature of intestinal mucosal immune system is the ability enable antigen specific tolerance to the gut bacteria. Genetic variants in TNFSF15 (which encodes protein TL1A) are linked to inflammatory bowel disease and have implicated roles for TL1A in regulating both T cell and innate lymphoid cells (ILC), but how these cellular pathways coordinate a response to limit intestinal inflammation is not completely understood. Deletion of TL1A receptor Tnfrsf25 (also called DR3), we demonstrate that TL1A signaling is required for efficient generation of RORγt⁺Foxp3⁺ intestinal iTregs at steady state. To investigate if this response resulted from DR3 deletion in T cells or the potential role for DR3 signaling in ILCs to regulate iTregs indirectly, we generated antigen specific transgenic T cells to H. Hepaticus (Hh) with DR3 deletion. Our results reveal that TL1A signaling is dispensable on T cells but required on ILC3s to regulate the balance between intestinal iTreg and inflammatory Th17 cells. RNA sequencing of ILC3s revealed the induction of Bhlhe40 in response to TL1A stimulation. Using conditional deletion models, we defined Bhlhe40 as a transcriptional regulator of ILC3 expression of Tnfsf4 (OX40L) and the subsequent requirement for ILC3-specific Bhlhe40 and Tnfsf4 in promoting Hh-specific Treg induction. These data reveal a novel function for TL1A and downstream transcription factor Bhlhe40 in enabling ILC3 coordination of gut commensal T cell immunity.